Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) have been used for human physiological analyses and treatment of movement disorders. In this review, we present three new TMS utilities for scientific research or clinical application for movement disorders. 1) Confirmation of animal findings. Functional modulation of particular brain areas induced by rTMS can produce changes in task performance. This indicates that the area stimulated by rTMS should play some role in the target task. One example of this use is the study of functional differences between the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) and SMA in a sequential learning task. 2) Utility of cerebellar stimulation. Cerebellar functional changes in basal ganglia disorders are a hot topic in this field. These changes have been studied by cerebellar inhibition using a paired TMS coil experiment. Several researchers have recently used rTMS over the cerebellum as a treatment option for movement disorders. 3) rTMS enhancement of the effects of rehabilitation. The combination of rTMS and conventional rehabilitation may enhance rehabilitation efficacy. For example, rTMS over the lumbar gait (locomotion) center may enhance functional recovery of the gait more robustly than conventional rehabilitation alone in patients with a spinal cord injury.Although the KMT2B gene was identified as a causative gene for early-onset generalized dystonia, the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in KMT2B-related dystonia has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we describe a 28-year-old woman who developed generalized dystonia with developmental delay, microcephaly, short stature, and cognitive decline. She was diagnosed with KMT2B- related dystonia using whole-exome sequencing with a heterozygous frameshift insertion of c.515dupC (p.T172fs) in the KMT2B gene. Oral medications and botulinum toxin injection were not effective. The dystonia markedly improved with bilateral pallidal DBS (the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale score was reduced from 30 to 5 on the dystonia movement scale and from 11 to 1 on the disability scale), and she could walk independently. From this case, we suggest that bilateral globus pallidus internus DBS can be an effective treatment option for patients with KMT2B-related generalized dystonia.A lifetime of general practice brings with it the privilege of acquired wisdom. We swim in uncertainty and have learned to work within its scope.General practice is absolutely central to national and local responses to COVID-19 in Australia, and the nation is building a response on the basis of its very strong system of primary healthcare.Uncharted waters’ is perhaps an understatement of where we are headed at this time. The situation is fluid, with government regulations for our society changing rapidly.INTRODUCTION Emerging infectious disease outbreaks, such as the present coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, often have a psychological impact on the well-being of the general population, including survivors and caregivers. Our study aimed to synthesise extant literature regarding the combined psychological responses and coping methods used by the general population in past outbreaks. METHODS We conducted a narrative synthesis of the published literature over the last two decades with a quality appraisal of included articles that reported both psychological responses and coping strategies within infectious disease outbreaks. RESULTS A total of 144 papers were identified from the search, 24 of which were included in the review. Overall, 18 studies examined the psychosocial responses of the general population towards the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic, four studies focused on the Ebola epidemic and two studies covered the H1N1 outbreak. Common themes in psychological responses included anxiety/fears, depression, anger, guilt, grief and loss, post-traumatic stress, and stigmatisation, but also a greater sense of empowerment and compassion towards others. Coping strategies adopted included problem-focused coping (seeking alternatives, self- and other-preservation), seeking social support, avoidance, and positive appraisal of the situation. CONCLUSION Amid the range of psychosocial responses seen in past infectious disease outbreaks, practical considerations for the current COVID-19 pandemic need to focus on the individual in the context of the larger social environment, with an emphasis on raising awareness of the range of possible psychosocial responses, access to psychological help, self- care, empowering self-support groups and sustained engagement with updated, reliable information about the outbreak.INTRODUCTION Perinatal transmission remains one of the important causes of the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Over the years, with better knowledge and awareness of HIV, the perinatal transmission rate has been significantly reduced. We previously reported on the pregnancy outcomes of HIV-positive mothers from 1997 to 2007 in our institution. This paper aims to review standards of care of HIV-positive pregnant women since then. METHODS A retrospective study reviewed 84 HIV-positive women who delivered in a tertiary centre from January 2008 to December 2015. Patient demographics and antenatal, intrapartum, postnatal and immediate neonatal data were analysed. RESULTS There were a total of 97 deliveries with 98 neonates. 12 women delivered more than once and there was one set of twins. Mean maternal age at diagnosis of HIV was 27.8 years. Of the study population, 63.1% of women were non-Singaporeans. selleck compound 56 women were known to have HIV on presentation and 90.7% were on antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy. 88.7% of the women received intrapartum intravenous zidovudine, and 93.1% of women with detectable and 58.7% with undetectable viral load underwent Caesarean sections. All neonates were HIV-negative. CONCLUSION Having high standards of care for HIV-positive women has successfully reduced our perinatal transmission rate to zero.INTRODUCTION Bariatric surgery is considered an effective treatment for weight loss and improving the metabolic profile of obese patients. Obesity-related comorbidities such as hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are significant cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, statins have increased the onset of DM in prospective clinical trials, and many obese patients are on statins. We retrospectively examined the effect of bariatric surgery on lipid profile, DM control and weight loss at five years’ follow-up. METHODS A total of 104 patients (n = 104) undergoing bariatric surgery in 2008–2012 were retrospectively studied. 36 patients were on preoperative statins. Their lipid profile, DM control and weight loss were examined at the one-year and five-year follow-up. RESULTS Both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride levels showed significant improvement at the one-year and five-year follow-up (p = 0.01). Total cholesterol showed significant improvement at the one-year follow-up (−0.30 mmol/dL, p = 0.