g from sitting. During the Middle Ages, the Christian church established itself as the dominant force over all aspects of medieval life, including the practice of medicine. As the Church's influence expanded across Europe, the role of lay practitioners in medicine declined, and clerics gradually assumed the role of healers in surgical practice as the cure of the soul was felt to take precedence over cure of bodily ills. A retrospective analysis of hospital foundation, old-school surgical techniques still used today was performed during the first part of the Middle Age. The Hospital Hotel Dieu in Paris was founded and remains the oldest worldwide still-operating hospital. The monastery became a resting place for travelers, as well as a place of refuge for the sick. As this role expanded, monks often developed considerable surgical expertise. This led to fierce competition for saintly relics and pilgrims. Among the myriad of saints to whom powers of healing were ascribed, the names of Damian and Cosmas figure prominently in medical history. Old-school medieval surgery was also performed with some bizarre techniques such as lip service by wound suckers, cautery, blood-letting, leech therapy, and maggot therapy. This account of surgery before it became scientific is based on a chronology that runs from the Clovis baptism to the reign of Charlemagne; much of the medicine in this period was based on ancient doctrines; indeed, much of the development of medicine in the period called as "Dark Age" was due to the slow and difficult business of recovering and trying to understand ancient medicine.This account of surgery before it became scientific is based on a chronology that runs from the Clovis baptism to the reign of Charlemagne; much of the medicine in this period was based on ancient doctrines; indeed, much of the development of medicine in the period called as "Dark Age" was due to the slow and difficult business of recovering and trying to understand ancient medicine. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of autologous concentrated adipose tissue for the treatment of knee OA. Eighty-seven patients with knee arthritis from grade 1 to 3, according to Kellgren-Lawrence scale, have been treated with knee arthroscopy and successive intra-articular injection of concentrated adipose tissue. The efficacy of the treatment has been evaluated by the Knee Society Score, Lysholm Score, Forgotten Joint Score, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Noise Reporting Scale. A total of 78/87 patients concluded the study. Overall, the patients were satisfied with the intervention and a significant reduction of the pain was observed in 67 patients, while the others did not report any change in pain severity or worsening. A statistically significant improvement was observed in the considered orthopaedic index, and no major adverse effects were described. The first week after the intervention, most patients reported knee swelling. Five patients failed because they underwent knee replacement surgery between five and ninemonths from treatment. In patients with knee OA, a single intra-articular injection of autologous adipose tissue reduced knee pain, stiffness, improved knee function and quality of life without severe complications.In patients with knee OA, a single intra-articular injection of autologous adipose tissue reduced knee pain, stiffness, improved knee function and quality of life without severe complications. Childhood maltreatment elevates risk for common mental disorders (CMDs) during late adolescence and adulthood. Although CMDs are highly prevalent among university students, few studies have examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment and 12month CMDs in a low- to middle-income countries. This paper describes the prevalence of maltreatment and the relationship between type, number and patterns of maltreatment exposure and 12month CMDs among first-year university students in South Africa. Maltreatment and CMD data were collected via well-validated self-report scales (corresponding with DSM-IV diagnoses) in a web-based survey of first-year students from two large urban universities (n = 1290) in South Africa. Various multivariate modelling approaches (additive, restrictive interactive and latent class) were used to examine the relationship between maltreatment and CMDs. Overall, 48.4% of participants reported childhood maltreatment, the most common type being emotional abuse (26.7%). Regardleschildhood maltreatment. To synthesise the evidence on effectiveness, acceptability and the delivery mechanisms of psychosocial interventions for self-harm in low and middle income countries and to develop a pathway of change specific for self-harm interventions. Studies reporting one or more patient or implementation outcomes of a psychosocial intervention targeting self-harm and conducted in low- and middle-income countries were included. Taxonomy of treatment components and a theory of change map was created using information from the studies. We identified thirteen studies including nine randomised controlled trials (RCT), three non-RCTs, and a single experimental case design study. A single study using postcard contact and another using cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) reported a reduction in self-harm attempts. Suicidal ideations were significantly reduced with CBT, volitional help sheets and postcard contact in different studies. Suicide risk assessment, problem solving and self-validation were the most frequently used reporting of various intervention delivery models in low- and middle-income countries were major literature gaps. Numerous long-term results for both medial and lateral unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) demonstrate that UKA is areliable and successful treatment for isolated anteromedial or lateral osteoarthritis of the knee when the correct indications are used. BAF312 ic50 The relationship between operation volume and implant performance has clearly been established from recent studies and registry data. The use of novel technologies allows for an improvement in the accuracy of implant positioning with fewer outliers. However, evidence-based target zones for the positioning of available implants have not been sufficiently established. Current data does not support the routine use of patient-specific instruments or custom-made implants. Robot-assisted procedures must be interpreted as avery promising approach for the future. So far, there is insufficient evidence that robotically assisted surgical techniques improve implant performance or lead to better functional results from the patient's point of view.Robot-assisted procedures must be interpreted as a very promising approach for the future.