To investigate the effect of Air Pollution on Gout Development. A total of 175,489 participants were enrolled. These pollutants were considered carbon monoxide (CO), Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), Total hydrocarbons (THC), and Methane (CH4). The yearly average concentrations were calculated from 2000 to 2011. Univariate and multivariate analyses by Cox proportional hazard regression models were adopted to estimate hazard ratios for gout in the Q2 to Q4 concentrations of air pollutants compared with the Q1 concentration. In THC, relative to the Q1 concentration, the risks of gouts were higher in participants exposed to the Q2 to Q4 concentrations (aHR, 1.10 with 95% CI, 1.01-1.19 in the Q2 concentration of THC; aHR, 4.20 with 95% CI, 3.93-4.49 in the Q3 concentration of THC; aHR, 5.65 with 95% CI, 5.29-6.04 in the Q4 concentration of THC). T-705 In regard to CH4, when the Q1 concentration was defined as the reference, the risks of gout were increased for participants exposed to the Q2, Q3 and Q4 concentrations (aHR, 1.16 with 95% CI, 1.06-1.26 in the Q2 concentration of CH4; aHR, 2.37 with 95% CI, 2.20-2.55 in the Q3 concentration of CH4; aHR, 8.73 with 95% CI, 8.16-9.34 in the Q4 concentration of CH4). Association between air pollution and risk of gout was noted.Association between air pollution and risk of gout was noted.The concept of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) was conceived over 100 years ago, first in the form of GRID, which has been applied to clinical practice since its early inception and continued to the present even with markedly improved instrumentation in radiation therapy. LATTICE radiation therapy (LRT) was introduced in 2010 as a conceptual 3D extension of GRID therapy with several uniquely different features. Since 2014, when the first patient was treated, over 150 patients with bulky tumors worldwide have received LRT. Through a brief review of the basic principles and the analysis of the collective clinical experience, a set of technical recommendations and guidelines are proposed for the clinical implementation of LRT. It is to be recognized that the current clinical practice of SFRT (GRID or LRT) is still largely based on the heuristic principles. With advancements in basic biological research and the anticipated clinical trials to systemically assess the efficacy and risk, progressively robust optimizations of the technical parameters are essential for the broader application of SFRT in clinical practice.Hair has been used for decades in toxicology as a biological matrix for long-term detection of substances. Nails are another keratinized matrix that is being studied as an alternative when hair cannot be obtained. Although cannabis is the most prevalent illicit drug in the world, cannabinoid distribution in nails compared to hair has been scarcely studied. In this work, we described two methods for the determination of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN) and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and THC's main metabolites (11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH), 11-hydroxy-THC (OHTHC) and 8-β-11-dihydroxyTHC (diOHTHC)) in nail and hair samples. After an alkaline hydrolysis, samples were submitted to solid-phase extraction and analysed by LC-MS/MS. The methods were fully validated, with good linearity (r2>0.99) in the range of 20-100 to 20000 pg/mg. No endogenous or exogenous interferences were found. Accuracy was from 99.5 to 109.8% and imprecision was less then 6.9%. Ion suppression (up to -74.4%) was observed for all the analytes, except for diOHTHC at low concentrations in hair (46.1%). Extraction efficiency ranged from 21.5% to 84.5%. The methods were applied to matched nail and hair specimens from 23 cannabis users to study the incorporation and distribution of the cannabinoids into these matrices. Only CBD, CBN and THC were detected in the samples, with much higher concentrations in fingernails than in toenails and hair. Correlations between analyte concentrations in the different matrices and with reported drug consumption were studied. A preliminary cut-off for THC in toenails was calculated using the cut-off proposed by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) in hair for the identification of chronic cannabis use. Historically, methods of monitoring training loads in runners have used simple and convenient metrics, including the duration or distance run. Changes in these values are assessed on a week-to-week basis to induce training adaptations and manage injury risk. To date, whether different measures of external loads, including biomechanical measures, provide better information regarding week-to-week changes in external loads experienced by a runner is unclear. In addition, the importance of combining internal-load measures, such as session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), with different external-load measures to monitor week-to-week changes in training load in runners is unknown. To compare week-to-week changes in the training loads of recreational runners using different quantification methods. Case series. Community based. Recreational runners in Vancouver, British Columbia. Week-to-week changes in running time, steps, and cumulative shock, in addition to the product of each of these variables anf an internal training-load measure (sRPE) in combination with external load (training duration) provided a more individualized estimate of week-to-week changes in overall training stress. A better estimation of training stress has significant implications for monitoring training adaptations, resulting performance, and possibly injury risk reduction. We therefore recommend the regular use of sRPE and training duration to monitor training load in runners. The use of cumulative shock as a measure of external load in some runners may also be more valid than duration alone.Short-term effects of pCO2 (700-380 ppm; High carbon (HC) and Low carbon (LC), respectively) and nitrate content (50-5 µM; High nitrogen (HN) and Low nitrogen (LN), respectively on photosynthesis were investigated in Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) under solar radiation (in-situ) and in the laboratory under artificial light (ex-situ). After six days of incubation at ambient temperature (AT), algae were subjected to a 4 °C temperature increase (AT+4 °C) for 3 d. Both in-situ and ex-situ maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax) and in situ gross photosynthesis (GP), measured by O2 evolution, presented highest values under HCHN, and lowest under HCLN, across all measuring systems. Maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and ETRmax of photosystem (PS) II [ETR(II)max] and PSI [ETR(I)max], decreased under HCLN at AT+4 °C. Ex situ ETR was higher than in situ ETR. At noon, Fv/Fm decreased (indicating photoinhibition), whereas ETR(II)max and maximal non-photochemical quenching (NPQmax) increased. ETR(II)max decreased under AT+ 4 °C in contrast to Fv/Fm, photosynthetic efficiency (α ETR) and saturated irradiance (EK).