Alternate causes of peripheral neuropathy including HIV, vasculitis, B12 deficiency and diabetes were ruled out. Despite drug withdrawal, the patient did not improve significantly. STZ inhibitor research buy This case emphasizes the irreversibility of anti-tubercular therapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, demanding more rigorous clinical screening for the same while managing such patients.Primary tuberculosis (TB) of tonsil is a rare form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Most tonsillar TB cases present with coexistent pulmonary tuberculosis. It can simulate tonsillar malignancy and poses a diagnostic challenge. Histopathological examination is often needed for confirmation. Herein, we report a case of primary tonsillar tuberculosis in a 55-year-old gentleman mimicking carcinoma of the tonsil.Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease is an uncommon self limiting, benign cause of generalised lymphadenopathy with fever. It can present as a triad of fever, night sweats and lymphadenopathy which resembles more common causes like tuberculosis and lymphoma. Being an endemic country a patient may be treated on the lines of tuberculosis often. We present case of a young female who was diagnosed as Kikuchi-Fujimoto's disease after not responding to antitubercular treatment. Pathologists and Clinicians must be aware of this condition to prevent unnecessary treatment.Pneumocytis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) and Pulmonary TB (PTB) both are common opportunistic infections among HIV infected individuals. But concurrent infections pose a diagnostic challenge owing to similar clinical features. Data suggests a high prevalence of such concurrent infections in developing countries but limited diagnostic modalities especially in resource constraint setup limits accurate diagnosis. At our centre we came across 6 newly diagnosed PTB patients among HIV infected ones had persistent shortness of breath (SOB) and hypoxia despite starting anti-tuberculous treatment (ATT). We excluded concomitant bacterial pneumonia by imaging, sputum examination and blood culture. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was estimated and hypoxia by arterial blood gas (ABG). We found all 6 patients had elevated serum LDH, hypoxia and imaging suggestive of PJP were offered sputum for Geisma stain and standard treatment for PJP in form of Bactrim-double strength and steroid. 1 patient had PJ cysts in sputum. 5 patient's classical radiologic findings in form of ground glass opacities in lower lobes along with bilateral infiltrates and 1 had honeycombing. Serum LDH was elevated all 6 subjects. 5 were newly diagnosed HIV and 4 had CD4 count below 50 cells/mm3 and 2 had below 200 cells/mm3.1 patient had developed bilateral pneumothorax as complication. 4 patients responded to treatment and 2 (33.3%) died of respiratory failure during treatment. We were able to diagnose only severe PJP cases as concurrent infection with PTB as there was no availability of broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) as well as direct fluorescent antigen (DFA) test for PJ detection. A high index of suspicion for PJP even in PTB patients with low CD4 count will guide to appropriate therapy for both infections and eventually reduces morbidity and mortality.Spinal tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of high morbidity that is associated with deformity and neurological sequelae, especially in growing children. Children diagnosed with spinal TB need to be monitored closely for clinical improvements. Previous history of antituberculous therapy (ATT), poor adherence to previous ATT, contact with persons having known drug-resistant (DR) TB, or clinical worsening despite regular ATT are strong indicators for the diagnosis of DR TB of the spine. We report a case of spinal DRTB in a two year old child with no previous history of ATT and contact with a person on irregular treatment for drug sensitive TB that did not show regression of the spinal lesions despite standard ATT.The incidence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) attributed diseases are rising and they are responsible for an increasing proportion of mycobacterial diseases, worldwide. However, their diagnosis is still a big challenge. In this study, a 77-year-old diabetic woman with familial history of lung cancer and 40 pack/year smoking history was presented. She described significant weight loss, shortness of breath, yellow productive sputum, fever, and chills from 4 months ago. The empirical antibiotic therapy didn't cause a significant improvement in the patient's health condition. Also, the sputum smear, culture, and polymerase chain reaction-based (PCR) tests were negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Computed tomography scanning identified a consolidation at the right upper lobe which was susceptible to malignancy. Non-caseous granulomatous inflammation with the presence of acid-fast bacillus was detected in the biopsies. Therefore, the patient's sputum was reexamined. Although PCR was negative, both smear and culture became positive. PCR-based amplification of a 596 bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene of the isolated bacteria, followed by almost full 16S rRNA sequencing, identified the Mycobacterium fortuitum strain. No malignant cell was detected at pathology evaluations. Due to the increase of NTM attributed diseases which can exhibit negative PCR for MTB and low reliability of negative results of sputum smear and culture, multiple repetitions of the sputum evaluations and, utilizing from 16S rRNA sequencing is recommended to diagnose NTM related lung disease.HLH is a rare, life-threatening, hematologic disorder resulting from prolonged and excessive activation of antigen presenting cells (macrophages, histiocytes) and CD8+ T cells. It is characterized by fever, pancytopenia,splenomegaly and haemophagocytosis in bone marrow,liver or lymph node. This hyperinflammatory condition is often triggered by a variety of agents or events, mostly genetic or infectious. HLH secondary to TB, have 100 % mortality in absence of anti-tubercular treatment .Since it mimics other disorders, its timely diagnosis remains a challenge. We report a case of hemophagocytic syndrome associated with disseminated tuberculosis in an immunocompetent man managed with anti-tubercular treatment and corticosteroid as immune modulator.